Inden, Benjamin. “Open-ended coevolution and the emergence of complex irreducible functional units in iterated number sequence games.” In Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation , pp. 113-120. 2012.
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We present three related number sequence games as simple models of coevolution and demonstrate that they produce escalating arms races and irreducible functional units of unbounded size. We argue that our results imply that the models also show unbounded evolutionary activity according to a previous formal definition. Furthermore, we examine the robustness of the coevolutionary dynamics under different parameter regimes. We propose number sequence games as benchmarks for coevolutionary algorithms, and make some suggestions on adjusting task difficulty and choosing selection methods in coevolutionary algorithms.