Channon, A. D., C. Maley, and E. Boudreau. “Three evolvability requirements for open-ended evolution.” In Artificial Life VII Workshop Proceedings , pp. 39-40. Portland, OR, 2000.
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By categorising artificial evolutionary systems into three levels of complexity, according to their selection mechanisms, it is possible to separate out issues of evolvability and so to produce three requirements for open-ended evolution. The three levels of artificial evolution, in order of increasing similarity to real-world evolution, are: 1. Searching a static fitness landscape (for example a fixed fitness function with single-individual input) 2. Searching a dynamic fitness landscape (for example coevolution) 3. Open-ended evolution