Corning, Peter A., and Stephen Jay Kline. “Thermodynamics, information and life revisited, Part I:‘To be or entropy’.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science: The Official Journal of the International Federation for Systems Research 15, no. 4 (1998): 273-295.
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Our whimsical title reflects our dismay over the rampant confusion regarding the use of key concepts from thermodynamics and information theory in various disciplines, but especially in relation to theories of biological evolution. After a brief introduction to this challenging literature, we begin by drawing a critically important distinction between ‘order’ and the informed ‘functional organization’ that characterizes living systems. We then outline what we believe is the appropriate paradigm for theorizing about the role of energy and information in biological processes; in essence, our paradigm is cybernetic. This is followed by a brief discussion of thermodynamics, with particular reference to its application to living systems. Two concepts that are well developed in the engineering literature but not commonly used elsewhere provide an approach that we believe is both more rigorous and more readily understood, namely the ‘control volume’ frame of reference and the concept of ‘available energy’. Both of these concepts are defined in precise mathematical terms. We also critique some of the misuses of thermodynamic concepts. In Part II, we will discuss what we call the ‘thermoeconomics’ of living systems—that is, a cybernetic and economic approach to analyzing the role of available energy in biological evolution—and we will relate this paradigm to a distinction that we draw between various statistical and/or structural definitions of information and what we call ‘control information’. We will critique information theory and we will define control information in cybernetic terms not as a ‘thing’ but as an attribute of the relationships between things—namely, the capacity (know-how) to control the acquisition, disposition and utilization of matter/energy in purposive (teleonomic) processes . We will also suggest how control information can be measured empirically, and we will propose a methodology for linking thermodynamics and information theory that contrasts sharply with existing approaches to this problem. Finally, we will argue that in living systems thermodynamic processes may be subject to certain law-like ‘bioeconomic’ principles. We will also elucidate some implications.