Bernardi, Giorgio, Sandrine Hughes, and Dominique Mouchiroud. “The major compositional transitions in the vertebrate genome.” Journal of molecular evolution 44, no. 1 (1997): S44-S51.
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The vertebrate genome underwent two major compositional transitions, between therapsids and mammals and between dinosaurs and birds. These transitions concerned a sizable part (roughly one-third) of the genome, the gene-richest part of it, and consisted in an increase in GC levels (GC is the molar fraction of guanine + cytosine in DNA) which affected both coding sequences (especially third codon positions) and noncoding sequences. These major transitions were studied here by comparing GC3 levels (GC3 is the GC of third codon positions) of orthologous genes from Xenopus , chicken, calf, and man.