Mills, Rob, and Richard A. Watson. “Symbiosis enables the evolution of rare complexes in structured environments.” In European Conference on Artificial Life , pp. 110-117. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.
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We present a model that considers evolvable symbiotic associations between species, such that one species can have an influence over the likelihood of other species being present in its environment. We show that this process of ‘symbiotic evolution’ leads to rare and adaptively significant complexes that are unavailable via non-associative evolution.