Stewart, John E. “Open-Ended Evolution: The Cooperation Barrier.”
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This abstract: (a) identifies a key barrier to open-ended evolution that is encountered each time new levels of organization emerge in the evolution of life; (b) describes the mechanisms that allow the barrier to be overcome (with particular attention given to how the barrier that separates chemical organization from living organization is overcome); and (c) discusses the implications of the barrier for the design and cultivation of artificial life systems.