Okasha, Samir. “Multilevel selection and the major transitions in evolution.” Philosophy of science 72, no. 5 (2005): 1013-1025.
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A number of recent biologists have used multilevel selection theory to help explain the major transitions in evolution. I argue that in doing so, they have shifted from a ‘synchronic’ to a ‘diachronic’ formulation of the levels of selection question. The implications of this shift in perspective are explored, in relation to an ambiguity in the meaning of multilevel selection. Though the ambiguity is well‐known, it has never before been discussed in the context of the major transitions.