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The need to manage and secure a rapidly growing information network has focused increasing attention on smart card technology. Over the past decade, smart cards evolved from offering basic memory to complex systems with chips that incorporate powerful processing. units with dedicated peripherals. This evolution enabled a wide range of applications. Smart card applications include financial transactions,
e-commerce, physical access control, health and transportation services, and access to such wireless systems as the global system for mobile communication (GSM) and the upcoming universal mobile communications system third-generation mobile phones. Such applications depend on smart cards equipped to perform onboard cryptographic digital-signature encryption and authentication. Smart
card operating systems (OSs) use these cryptographic features to manage
data storage and control access to private information.