Lehman, Joel, and Kenneth O. Stanley. “Exploiting open-endedness to solve problems through the search for novelty.” In ALIFE , pp. 329-336. 2008.
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his paper establishes a link between the challenge of solving highly ambitious problems in machine learning and the goal of reproducing the dynamics of open-ended evolution in
artificial life. A major problem with the objective function in machine learning is that through deception it may actually prevent the objective from being reached. In a similar way, selection in evolution may sometimes act to discourage increasing complexity. This paper proposes a single idea that both overcomes the obstacle of deception and suggests a simple new approach to open-ended evolution: Instead of either explicitly seeking an objective or modeling a domain to capture the open-endedness of natural evolution, the idea is to
simply search for novelty. Even in an objective-based problem, such novelty search ignores the objective and searches for behavioral novelty. Yet because many points in the search
space collapse to the same point in behavior space, it turns out that the search for novelty is computationally feasible. Furthermore, because there are only so many simple behaviors, the search for novelty leads to increasing complexity. In fact, on the way up the ladder of complexity, the search is likely to encounter at least one solution. In this way, by decoupling the idea of open-ended search from only artificial life worlds, the raw search for novelty can be applied to real world problems. Counterintuitively, in the deceptive maze navigation task in this paper, novelty search significantly outperforms objective-based search, suggesting a surprising new approach to machine learning