Smith, Richard, and Mark Bedau. “Emergence of complex ecologies in ECHO.” In Unifying Themes in Complex Systems Volume I , pp. 473-486. CRC Press, 2018.
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We present measurements of evolutionary activity, as defined by Bedau and Packard [2, 3], in John Holland’s ECHO—a classic artificial model of an evolving ecosystem of interacting agents. We show how evolutionary activity measurements can be used to identify the significant adaptive evolutionary events in complex systems like ECHO. Using this methodology, we provide evidence of the emergence of a complex ecology in ECHO.