Guttenberg, Nicholas, and Nigel Goldenfeld. “Cascade of complexity in evolving predator-prey dynamics.” Physical review letters 100, no. 5 (2008): 058102.
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We simulate an individual-based model that represents both the phenotype and genome of digital organisms with predator-prey interactions. We show how open-ended growth of complexity arises from the invariance of genetic evolution operators with respect to changes in the complexity, and that the dynamics which emerges shows scaling indicative of a nonequilibrium critical point. The mechanism is analogous to the development of the cascade in fluid turbulence.