Reynolds, Craig W. “An evolved, vision-based behavioral model of coordinated group motion.” From animals to animats 2 (1993): 384-392.
URL1 URL2
Coordinated motion in a group of simulated critters can evolve under selection pressure from an appropriate fitness criteria. Evolution is modeled with the Genetic Programming paradigm. The simulated environment consists of a group of critters, some static obstacles, and a predator. In order to survive, the critters must avoid collisions (with obstacles as well as with each other) and must avoid predation. They must steer a safe path through the dynamic environment using only information received through their visual sensors. The arrangement of visual sensors, as well as the mapping from sensor data to motor action is determined by the evolved controller program. The motor model assumes an innate constant forward velocity and limited steering.